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Endometrial Cancer · Hub Overview
Endometrial Cancer — Types, Symptoms & When to See a Specialist
Written by Dr. Bharati Devi Gorantla — Medical Oncologist · MBBS · MD (General Medicine) · DM (Medical Oncology) (Adyar, Chennai) · ECMO · MRCP SCE (UK).
Medically reviewed by Dr. Paila Gowri Naidu — Surgical Oncologist · MBBS · MS (General Surgery) · M.Ch (Surgical Oncology) · FMAS. Last reviewed May 2026.
Endometrial cancer — cancer of the lining of the uterus — is one of the most common gynaecological cancers worldwide, and it is rising rapidly across India alongside the diabetes and obesity epidemic. The single most important fact is that it almost always announces itself early, with abnormal bleeding — usually after menopause. Acting promptly is the difference between a highly curable early-stage cancer and an advanced one.
- Most common gynae-cancer — Rising fast in urban India alongside obesity and diabetes.
- Catches itself early — Postmenopausal bleeding almost always precedes the diagnosis.
- Highly curable in Stage I — 5-year survival above 90% when confined to the uterus.
- Same-day outpatient biopsy — A simple endometrial biopsy confirms or rules out cancer.
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Condition Overview
What is Endometrial Cancer?
Endometrial cancer occurs when cells in the endometrium — the lining of the uterus (womb) that thickens and sheds each month before menopause — grow uncontrollably and form a tumour. Most endometrial cancers begin as a small area of abnormal cells (endometrial hyperplasia) that, without treatment, can progress to cancer. Endometrial cancer is sometimes called uterine cancer, although strictly speaking uterine cancer includes other rarer cancers of the uterine muscle (uterine sarcomas).
Endometrial cancer is rising rapidly in incidence across urban India, driven primarily by the obesity and type 2 diabetes epidemic. Most cases occur after menopause, but the cancer is increasingly being diagnosed in younger women with metabolic disease. The good news is that endometrial cancer is one of the most easily detected gynaecological cancers — most cases cause abnormal vaginal bleeding long before they spread, and a simple endometrial biopsy can confirm or rule out the diagnosis on an outpatient basis.
Classification
Types of Endometrial Cancer
Endometrial cancers are classified into two broad groups based on their biology and behaviour. The distinction is important because treatment and prognosis differ significantly.
~80% of cases
Type 1 (Endometrioid)
By far the most common type, accounting for around 80% of cases. It usually develops on a background of oestrogen excess (often linked to obesity, diabetes or hormone therapy) and tends to be slower-growing, lower-grade and diagnosed at an early stage. Treatment is typically a hysterectomy with removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes, with excellent cure rates.
More aggressive
Type 2 (Non-Endometrioid)
A more aggressive group that includes serous, clear cell and carcinosarcoma subtypes. Type 2 cancers tend to occur in older women, are not linked to oestrogen excess, and behave more like ovarian cancer than typical endometrial cancer. They require more intensive treatment, often combining surgery with chemotherapy and radiation.
Rare
Uterine Sarcomas
A rare group of cancers that arise from the muscle or supporting tissue of the uterus (rather than the lining). Subtypes include leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma and undifferentiated uterine sarcoma. Each is rare and aggressive, and requires specialist multidisciplinary care.
For detailed information on diagnosis, hysterectomy options (open, laparoscopic and robotic), adjuvant therapy and modern systemic therapy, see our dedicated page on endometrial cancer treatment in Hyderabad.
Warning Signs
Common Signs & Symptoms of Endometrial Cancer
Endometrial cancer most often announces itself early with abnormal bleeding. Watch for:
- Any vaginal bleeding after menopause — even a single episode
- Heavier, longer, or more frequent periods than usual
- Bleeding between periods (intermenstrual bleeding)
- A watery, blood-stained or heavy discharge from the vagina
- Pelvic pain, pressure or cramping not related to periods
- Pain during intercourse
- Unexplained weight loss in advanced disease
- Difficulty or pain while urinating, if the cancer is advanced
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Caught early, endometrial cancer is highly curable.
Stage I disease has 5-year survival above 90%. Don't sit on abnormal bleeding — let our gynaec-oncology team review your case in a free 45-minute consultation.
Regional Context
Endometrial Cancer in Telangana & Andhra Pradesh
Endometrial cancer is rising sharply in incidence across Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, and is now among the most common gynaecological cancers in women in urban Hyderabad. The single biggest driver is the metabolic syndrome epidemic — both states carry some of the highest rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes in the country, and both raise endometrial cancer risk substantially. The encouraging fact is that endometrial cancer is almost always preceded by abnormal bleeding — and any postmenopausal bleeding, even a single small episode, should prompt a gynaecological examination and endometrial assessment. Premenopausal women with persistently heavy, irregular or intermenstrual bleeding, especially in the context of obesity, diabetes or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), also deserve evaluation.
Causes & Risk Factors
Common Causes & Risk Factors
Endometrial cancer is most strongly linked to long-term exposure of the uterine lining to oestrogen without the balancing effect of progesterone. Key risk factors include:
- Obesity — the single biggest modifiable risk factor
- Type 2 diabetes
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
- Long-term oestrogen-only HRT after menopause
- Tamoxifen use (a common breast cancer medication)
- Late menopause or early menarche (longer lifetime oestrogen exposure)
- Never having been pregnant
- Lynch syndrome or Cowden syndrome (inherited cancer syndromes)
- Family history of endometrial, ovarian or colorectal cancer
- Age above 50 (the great majority of cases occur after menopause)
Stage I endometrial cancer has 5-year survival above 90%.
Most endometrial cancers are caught early because abnormal bleeding prompts evaluation before the cancer has had time to spread — which is why any postmenopausal bleeding, even a single small episode, deserves a prompt gynaecological review. Acting on bleeding promptly is the difference between a highly curable cancer and an advanced one.
Red-flag Guide
When to See an Endometrial Cancer Specialist
Postmenopausal bleeding should never be ignored, even if it is mild or stops on its own. See a gynaecologist or oncologist promptly if you notice:
- Any vaginal bleeding after menopause — even a single small episode
- Persistent heavy, irregular or prolonged menstrual bleeding
- Bleeding between periods that does not settle
- An unusual, watery or blood-stained discharge from the vagina
- Persistent pelvic pain or pressure unrelated to periods
- An abnormal endometrial thickness on pelvic ultrasound
- A strong family history of endometrial, ovarian or colorectal cancer (consider genetic counselling)
A short specialist consultation and the right diagnostic test — imaging, endometrial biopsy, or blood test as appropriate — is usually enough to confirm or rule out cancer. Early action is always easier than catching up later.
CION Cancer Clinics
Specialist Endometrial Cancer Care at CION Cancer Clinics
Our NABH-accredited centres across Hyderabad deliver evidence-based endometrial cancer care — from outpatient endometrial biopsy and pelvic imaging through to laparoscopic and robotic-assisted hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and lymph node assessment, adjuvant radiation therapy, modern systemic therapy and immunotherapy for advanced disease — guided by NCCN, FIGO and ESMO protocols and reviewed for every patient by a multidisciplinary gynaec-oncology tumour board.
For a detailed walk-through of endometrial cancer diagnosis, treatment options, costs, and our specialist team, see our dedicated page on endometrial cancer treatment in Hyderabad.
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Common questions
Endometrial Cancer — Frequently Asked Questions
What is the first sign of endometrial cancer?
The most common first sign is abnormal vaginal bleeding — most often bleeding after menopause, but also heavier or irregular periods in premenopausal women. Other early signs include an unusual vaginal discharge (often watery or blood-stained), pelvic pain, or bleeding between periods. Postmenopausal bleeding is endometrial cancer until proven otherwise — even a single small episode deserves evaluation.
Is bleeding after menopause always cancer?
No — most postmenopausal bleeding is caused by benign conditions such as a thinning of the vaginal lining (atrophic vaginitis), polyps, fibroids, or hormone replacement therapy. However, around 10–15% of women with postmenopausal bleeding turn out to have endometrial cancer or a precancerous condition (endometrial hyperplasia). Because cancer can rarely be ruled out without proper assessment, any postmenopausal bleeding deserves a gynaecological examination and either a pelvic ultrasound or endometrial biopsy.
Is endometrial cancer curable?
Yes — endometrial cancer is one of the most curable gynaecological cancers. Stage I disease, where the cancer is confined to the uterus, has 5-year survival rates above 90%. Most endometrial cancers are diagnosed at this early stage because abnormal bleeding prompts evaluation before the cancer has had time to spread. Even locally advanced disease has meaningful cure rates with a combination of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.
Does obesity cause endometrial cancer?
Obesity is the single biggest modifiable risk factor for endometrial cancer. Fat tissue produces oestrogen, and long-term exposure of the uterine lining to oestrogen without the balancing effect of progesterone is the strongest known cause of Type 1 endometrial cancer. Women with obesity are 2 to 5 times more likely to develop endometrial cancer, and the risk rises with body mass index. Weight loss meaningfully reduces risk, even after years of obesity.
Who is at higher risk of endometrial cancer in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh?
Postmenopausal women, especially those over 60, women with obesity or type 2 diabetes, women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), those on long-term oestrogen-only hormone therapy or tamoxifen for breast cancer, women who have never been pregnant, and individuals with Lynch syndrome or a strong family history of endometrial, ovarian or colorectal cancer are at higher risk. Given the very high obesity and diabetes prevalence across the region, endometrial cancer risk is rising particularly fast in urban women aged 50 and above.
Disclaimer: This page is intended for general informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified oncologist for guidance specific to your medical condition. Content on this page is periodically reviewed and updated by CION's medical team in accordance with current clinical guidelines.