CION Ameerpet
One of the Most Curable Cancers in Young Men
Testicular Cancer — Types, Symptoms & When to See a Specialist
Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in men aged 15 to 35 — and also one of the most curable, with cure rates above 95% when caught early. The single most important fact about it is that almost every testicular cancer begins as a painless lump that the man himself can feel during a routine shower-time self-examination. Awareness, willingness to act on a new lump without embarrassment, and prompt specialist evaluation are what turn an aggressive cancer into a routinely curable one.
- 95%+ Cure Rates — Stage I disease cures with surgery alone or minimal adjuvant treatment
- Painless Lump Is the First Sign — Most testicular cancers begin as a lump the man can feel himself
- Fertility Usually Preserved — Sperm banking before treatment, hormone levels maintained by the unaffected side
- Tumour Board for Every Patient — Multidisciplinary uro-oncology review, NCCN & EAU protocols
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Overview
What is Testicular Cancer?
Testicular cancer occurs when cells in one of the testicles (testes) — the male reproductive glands that produce sperm and testosterone — grow uncontrollably and form a tumour. The great majority of testicular cancers arise from the germ cells, the cells that develop into sperm. Testicular cancer almost always affects just one testicle, and removing the affected testicle through a small operation is the standard first treatment — fertility and hormone levels are usually preserved by the unaffected side.
Testicular cancer is rare overall but peaks in young men, with most cases diagnosed between the ages of 15 and 44. India sees lower incidence than Western countries, but the cancer still presents regularly across Telangana and Andhra Pradesh — typically in younger men who, because of embarrassment or unfamiliarity with self-examination, often delay seeking medical advice for weeks or months. The good news is that even advanced testicular cancer is highly curable today thanks to modern combination chemotherapy, and sperm banking before treatment can preserve future fertility for almost all patients.
95%+ cure rates — even at Stage I, surgery alone often cures testicular cancer.
With modern BEP chemotherapy (bleomycin, etoposide, cisplatin), even advanced testicular cancer with widespread metastases has cure rates of 70–80%. Outcomes are excellent — but the earlier the diagnosis, the simpler the treatment, and the lower the risk of long-term side effects.
Classification
Types of Testicular Cancer
Almost all testicular cancers are germ cell tumours, which fall into two main groups that are treated differently. A small number are stromal tumours or testicular lymphomas.
40–45%
Seminoma
Accounts for around 40–45% of germ cell testicular cancers. Seminomas tend to grow more slowly than other types, usually occur in slightly older men (30s and 40s), and are extremely sensitive to both chemotherapy and radiation. Cure rates for Stage I seminoma exceed 99% with surgery alone or with a single dose of adjuvant chemotherapy.
Most Common in Teens & Twenties
Non-Seminomatous Germ Cell Tumour (NSGCT)
An umbrella term covering embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumour, choriocarcinoma, and teratoma — usually present in a mixed form. NSGCTs tend to occur in younger men (teenagers and twenties), grow faster, and are more likely to have spread at diagnosis. Treatment combines surgery with chemotherapy (the BEP regimen), with cure rates above 95% in localised disease and 70–80% in advanced disease.
Rare · Mostly Benign
Stromal Tumours
Rare tumours that arise from the supporting tissues of the testicle, including Leydig cell tumours (which can produce testosterone or oestrogen) and Sertoli cell tumours. Most are benign and treated with surgery alone, with excellent outcomes.
Older Men · Age 60+
Testicular Lymphoma
A rare cancer that affects the immune cells of the testicle, usually in older men (above 60). Unlike germ cell tumours, testicular lymphoma is treated primarily with chemotherapy rather than surgery alone.
For detailed information on diagnosis, radical inguinal orchidectomy, BEP chemotherapy, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and fertility preservation, see our dedicated page on testicular cancer treatment in Hyderabad.
Red Flags
Common Signs & Symptoms of Testicular Cancer
Testicular cancer almost always announces itself with a change that the man himself can feel. Watch for any of the following:
- A painless lump or swelling in one testicle — the most common first sign
- A change in the size, shape, or feel of one testicle
- A feeling of heaviness or dragging in the scrotum
- A dull ache in the lower abdomen, groin, or scrotum
- Sudden sharp pain or swelling in one testicle (less common)
- A collection of fluid in the scrotum (hydrocele)
- Persistent low back pain (suggests spread to lymph nodes)
- Breast tissue tenderness or swelling (gynaecomastia, from hormone-producing tumours)
- Unexplained shortness of breath, chest pain or cough (suggests advanced disease)
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Meet the Specialists
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MBBS, MD(General Medicine), DM(Medical Oncology)(Adyar,Chennai), ECMO, MRCP SCE(UK)
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Dr. Owais Mohammed
MBBS, MD (General Medicine), DrNB (Medical Oncology), ECMO, MRCP SCE (Medical Oncology) (UK)
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MBBS (AIIMS), MS (Surgery) (AIIMS), DNB (Surgical Oncology), MRCS (Edinburgh)
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Dr. Vinay Mamidala
MBBS, MS(General Surgery), M.Ch(Surgical Oncology), FMAS, FARIS(Ongoing)
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Local Picture
Testicular Cancer in Telangana & Andhra Pradesh
Testicular cancer is uncommon in India compared with Western countries, but the cancer is still seen routinely across Telangana and Andhra Pradesh — primarily in young men between 15 and 44. Two regional patterns matter most: testicular self-examination is rarely taught or practised here, and young men are often deeply uncomfortable seeking medical advice for a problem in this part of the body. The combination delays diagnosis. Fertility preservation through sperm banking before treatment is highly effective and widely available in Hyderabad, but is also frequently missed simply because patients and families are not aware it should be offered. Any young man with a new painless lump in the testicle deserves an urgent ultrasound — no further delay, no further self-monitoring.
Causes
Common Causes & Risk Factors
The exact cause of testicular cancer is usually not identifiable. Known risk factors include:
- Undescended testicle at birth (cryptorchidism) — even if surgically corrected, the risk remains slightly elevated
- A personal history of cancer in the other testicle
- Family history of testicular cancer (father or brother)
- Age between 15 and 44 — most cases occur in this window
- Personal history of infertility or low sperm count
- Klinefelter syndrome and other inherited conditions
- HIV infection (modestly raises risk)
- Caucasian ethnicity (lower in India and East Asia, but the cancer still occurs)
When to Act
When to See a Testicular Cancer Specialist
See a urologist or uro-oncologist promptly — without delay or embarrassment — if you notice any of the following:
- A new painless lump, swelling, or change in the feel of one testicle
- A new heaviness or dragging sensation in the scrotum
- A dull ache in the lower abdomen, groin, or scrotum
- Any difference between the two testicles that persists or worsens
- Unexplained back pain or shortness of breath in a young man
- Breast tissue tenderness or new swelling in a young man
- A previous undescended testicle, even if corrected in childhood, with any new testicular symptom
A short specialist consultation and the right diagnostic test — imaging, tumour markers, biopsy, or blood test as appropriate — is usually enough to confirm or rule out cancer. Early action is always easier than catching up later.
Specialist Care
Specialist Testicular Cancer Care at CION Cancer Clinics
Our NABH-accredited centres across Hyderabad deliver evidence-based testicular cancer care — from scrotal ultrasound and tumour marker assessment through to radical inguinal orchidectomy with implant options, BEP chemotherapy, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, advanced radiation therapy for selected seminomas, and fertility preservation through sperm banking — guided by NCCN and EAU protocols and reviewed for every patient by a multidisciplinary uro-oncology tumour board with full attention to fertility, dignity, and quality of life.
For a detailed walk-through of testicular cancer diagnosis, treatment options, costs, and our specialist team, see our dedicated page on testicular cancer treatment in Hyderabad.
Disclaimer: This page is intended for general informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified oncologist for guidance specific to your medical condition. Content on this page is periodically reviewed and updated by CION's medical team in accordance with current clinical guidelines.
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Start Your Story. Book Free Consultation.Frequently Asked Questions about Testicular Cancer
Common questions about testicular cancer — answered by CION's oncology team.
What is the first sign of testicular cancer?
The most common first sign is a painless lump or swelling in one testicle. Other early signs include a change in the size, shape or feel of one testicle, a heaviness or dragging sensation in the scrotum, and a dull ache in the lower abdomen, groin or scrotum. Because the great majority of testicular cancers begin as a lump the man himself can feel, monthly testicular self-examination during a warm shower is the most effective early-detection tool we have.
Is testicular cancer curable?
Yes — testicular cancer is one of the most curable solid cancers. Stage I disease, where the cancer is confined to the testicle, has cure rates above 95% with surgery alone or with minimal adjuvant treatment. Even advanced testicular cancer with widespread metastases has cure rates of 70–80% with modern BEP chemotherapy. Outcomes are excellent — but the earlier the diagnosis, the simpler the treatment, and the lower the risk of long-term side effects from intensive chemotherapy.
Can I still have children after testicular cancer treatment?
Yes — most men retain normal fertility after testicular cancer treatment, because cancer almost always affects only one testicle and the unaffected side continues to produce sperm and testosterone. However, chemotherapy can temporarily or permanently reduce sperm production, and some treatments can affect ejaculation. Sperm banking before treatment is highly effective, widely available in Hyderabad, and should be offered to every patient of reproductive age — discuss it with your oncologist before starting treatment.
How do I do a testicular self-examination?
Once a month, after a warm shower when the scrotal skin is most relaxed, gently roll each testicle between the thumb and fingers of both hands. You are feeling for a new lump, a hard area, a change in size or shape, or any difference from your usual baseline. The epididymis — a soft, comma-shaped structure on the back of each testicle — is normal and should not be confused with a lump. Any new lump or change deserves a medical opinion within a few days, not after weeks of monitoring.
Who is at higher risk of testicular cancer?
Men with a history of an undescended testicle (even if corrected in childhood), those with a personal history of cancer in the other testicle, men with a family history of testicular cancer in a father or brother, individuals with Klinefelter syndrome or other inherited conditions, and men with a history of infertility or low sperm count are at higher risk. Age 15–44 is the peak risk window. Anyone in these groups should know how to do testicular self-examination.